hello family
Today I want to share with you about the history of computer development.
Here’s a quick sweep through the major milestones in computer history:

- *Pre‑digital (‑1800s)* – Mechanical calculators like the abacus and Pascal’s adding machine showed that computation could be automated. Charles Babbage’s “Analytical Engine” (1837) is considered the first design for a programmable computer, though it was never built.

- *Early electronic computers (1940‑1950s)* – ENIAC (1945) and Colombe (1943) used vacuum tubes to perform calculations thousands of times faster than mechanical devices. The von Neumann architecture (mid‑1940s) introduced the stored‑program concept, where both data and instructions live in the same memory.

- *Transistors & mainframes (late 1950s‑1960s)* – Replacing bulky tubes with transistors made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. IBM’s 7000 series and later the System/360 brought mainframe computing to businesses and governments.

- *Integrated circuits & minicomputers (1960s‑1970s)* – Chips that packed many transistors onto a single silicon wafer enabled the rise of minicomputers like the DEC PDP‑11, which were affordable enough for universities and research labs.

- *Microprocessors & personal computers (1970s‑1980s)* – Intel’s 4004 (1971) was the first commercial microprocessor. This led to kits such as the Altair 8800 and fully assembled machines like the Apple II, Commodore 64, and IBM PC, putting computing into homes and small offices.

- *Graphical user interfaces & networking (1980s‑1990s)* – Xerox PARC’s GUI, popularized by the Macintosh and later Windows, made computers intuitive. Meanwhile, ARPANET evolved into the Internet, turning isolated machines into a global network.

- *Mobile & cloud era (2000s‑present)* – Smartphones and tablets brought powerful processors into pockets. Cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) shifted much of the heavy lifting to massive data centers, while open‑source software and AI accelerators (GPUs, TPUs) are reshaping what computers can do.

hii WEF

It is my hopes that you are all doing fine . Today i would like to share with you about the principles of drug administration as the way am learning and practicing in the clinical area.

The principles of drug administration includes the “Five Rights” of Drug Administration
By starting with Traditional Rights:
1.Right client: Nurse must do the following
involves of Verify client , Check ID bracelet & room number,Have client state his/her name and Distinguish between two clients with same last names

Following with Right drug: Medication order may be prescribed by Physician, Dentist ,Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)

The other Right dose: here a nurse must Calculate and check drug dose accurately,Check drug package insert or drug handbook for recommended range of specific drugs and Check heparin, insulin and IV digitalis doses with another nurse
Ollowin by Right time: A nurse must Administer drugs at specified times, Administer drugs that are affected by foods, before meals for initiating drigs to work more effectively, Administer drugs that can irritate stomach, with food ,Drug administration may be adjusted to fit schedule of client’s lifestyle, activities and diagnostic procedures and Check expiration date for preventing adverse effect and death.
Following bt Right route : here a nurse must Assess ability to swallow before giving oral meds,Do not crush or mix meds in other substances before consultation with physician or pharmacist and Use aseptic technique when administering drugs ,Administer drug at appropriate sites,Stay with client until oral drugs have been swallowed


So far when i was attempting my exam of drugs administration through enteral route i forgot to make sure that the patient as swallowed drug and a result i missed some the marks and through that i never forgot to check if the the patient has swallowed the drug on the following days.


Thats all about administration of the drugs and thank you for your attention🙏🏽